The Age Of Driving A Motorcycle At Age 14 And Why It...

In this following essay, it will talk about the age of driving a motorcycle at age 14 and why it should be higher than 14. It will be talking about how the brain effects the driving. The mature status in a young adolescent mind, and how the brain is still developing during the teen years. That’s why insurance is so high as a teen, because the brain doesn’t fully develop until your mid to late twenties. The following paragraphs will discuss all the things listed above. Motor laws and regulations talk about the insurance and the laws of motorcycle. The insurance is a lot higher for new and young drivers. Due to the fact of young driver’s lack of knowledge(LHLLaw.com 93). Riding with a passenger, must have 2 seats capable for a passenger to be on the road. Not allowing more the one person in a single seat (LHAW.com 3) The driver must be 16 to have a passenger and 18 to drive out past 10 o’clock. Under age driving past10 o’clock is a big then happening these days. Kids thinking, they won’t get caught, or just to drive down the street. Young teens are more likely to break these laws. Even when it comes to wearing a helmet (LHLLAW.com 3). There has always been an understanding that teenagers don’t think like adults. Tests that have been done have brought to realization that there are many physical differences between the teenage brain and the adult brain. During childhood, there is an overproduction of neuronal tissue that is not designated in a specific synaptic pathwayShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1553 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the legal drinking age is 21, but he thinks what is the harm? I am 18 and in other countries, you are allowed to drink before you turn 21. Later that night as John gets in the car with his friends after a few hours of drinking, everything seems to be going well as they are driving down the freeway on their way over to his friend Dan’s house that is just a few miles up the road. All of a sudden out of nowhere a car comes around the curve and before Dan who was driving could react fast enoughRead MoreDriving Under the Influence4388 Words   |  18 Page sRunning head: Driving While Intoxicated Driving While Intoxicated SIM American University-Online Instructor Paul Jake Table of Contents Abstract 3 Driving While Intoxicated 4 DWI Offenders 5 Statistics 5 Type of Crime 7 Identifying 8 Facts and Myths 9 Sanctions and Counter Measures 10 Current Sentencing 11 Cost 12 Court 14 Current Preventions 15 Proposed Solutions 15 Read MoreMarketing and Financial Markets41809 Words   |  168 PagesBehavior 222 9. Reaching Global Markets 244 Part 5: Product decisions 279 10. 11. 12. 13. Product Concepts 280 developing and Managing Products 304 Branding and Packaging 326 Services Marketing 354 Part 6: distribution decisions 385 14. Marketing Channels and Supply-Chain Management 386 15. Retailing, direct Marketing, and Wholesaling 422 Part 7: Promotion decisions 457 16. integrated Marketing Communications 458 17. Advertising and Public Relations 488 18. Personal SellingRead MoreEssay We Must Reduce Drunk Driving2858 Words   |  12 PagesDrunk driving takes 28 lives each day, which accumulates to over 10,000 people each year in just the United States (MADD Statistics). In 2011, 316 people died in Ohio due to drunk driving (The Century Council – Ohio). Alcohol by definition is â€Å"depressant derived from the fermentation of natural sugars in fruits, vegetables and grains† (What is Alcohol). Alcohol is considered a drug and in excess can be deadly not only to those consuming it but also to those around them. The higher one’s blood alcoholRead MoreBajaj Pulsar Marketing Project9282 Words   |  38 PagesPulsar’s Evolution: 10 Generations of Pulsar in Pictorial format 11 Marketing Strategies: Segmentation, Targeting Positioning 12 Segmentation 12 Segmentation variables for Bajaj 12 Geographic 12 Demographic 12 Psychographic 13 Behavioral 13 Targeting 14 Positioning 15 Macro Environments Factors 16 Political Factors 16 Economic Factors 16 Social Aspects 17 Technological Factors 17 Competitors 18 Hero CBZ Hunk Karizma 18 Hero CBZ 18 Hero Hunk 19 Hero Karizma 21 Honda Unicorn 22 Yamaha R15 24 TVSRead MoreTwo-Wheeler Industry Analysis5353 Words   |  22 Pagesof the most important components of the automobile sector that has undergone significant changes due to shift in policy environment. The two-wheeler industry has been in existence in India since 1955. It consists of three segments viz. scooters, motorcycles and mopeds. According to the figures published by SIAM, the share of two-wheelers in automobile sector in terms of units sold was about 80 per cent during 2003-04. This high figure itself is suggestive of the importance of the sector. This is theRead MoreTriumph Launching Event5211 Words   |  21 PagesBehavioural 6 Environmental scan 7 SWOT Analysis 7 PEST Analysis 9 Store observations 10 In-store 10 Shoppers Behavior 11 Online shop 12 Ideas / Amendments for functional and creative online services 12 Brand Awareness Survey 14 Motorcycle range 14 Clothing and accessories 17 Conclusion and Recommendations 21 Range evaluation 21 Triumph dealers’ range 21 Executive Summary Firstly, we shall present a little information about the company. The company was formed as a bicycleRead MoreA Study on Two Wheeler Customers Purchasing Pattern5753 Words   |  24 Pagesenterprise depends as its ability to create a community of satisfied consumers. All the business activities should be carried out in ways which are directed towards the satisfaction of the consumer needs. Consumer Behaviour is affected by a host of variables ranging from personal, professional needs, attitudes and values, personality characteristics, social economic and cultural background, age, gender ,professional status to social influences of various kinds exerted a family, friends, colleaguesRead MoreA Study on Two Wheeler Customer’s Purchasing Pattern5745 Words   |  23 Pagesenterprise depends as its ability to create a community of satisfied consumers. All the business activities should be carried out in ways which are directed towards the satisfaction of the consumer needs. Consumer Behaviour is affected by a host of variables ranging from personal, professional needs, attitudes and values, personality characteristics, social economic and cultural background, age, gender ,professional status to social influences of various kinds exerted a family, friends, colleagues,Read MoreHarley Davidson-Strategic Analysis8171 Words   |  33 PagesStrategic Analysis [pic] Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION A. Brief History 1. Harley-Davidson 2. The Motorcycle Industry B. Harley-Davidson 1. Mission Statement 2. Vision Statement D. Problem Statement 1. What is the Future of Harley-Davidson? II. EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT A. Nature of the Industry 1. Economic 2. Social 3. Technological 4. Future of the Industry B. Competitive Analysis 1. Industry Attractiveness and Barriers 2. Key Success

New England Medical Center Case Study Questions - 931 Words

Case Study Frame the Problems/Issues into a Decision Question: frame the major issues and/or problems around a key goal or objective, differentiating the long from the short-run. The question might be What is the best course of action for this case in order to achieve X? In some cases the goals may not be clear. In the case of Tufts New England Medical Center (NEMC), there were major financial challenges impacting the facility. However, by 2005 the new CEO was able to create strategies that were able to transform their operating margins and ensure it was posting profits. The biggest challenges going forward are how they can maintain momentum in an increasingly competitive marketplace. This leads the question of: how can Tufts-NEMC adjust with changes in the markets and continue to remain at the forefront for innovation? (Kumar, 2007) (Ellen Zane Leading Change, n.d.) Analyze the problem/situation by identifying the pertinent facts vs. assumptions. Ask yourself three questions: where did the facts come from, how do I know they are correct? Are they a final, reliable reality or an interpretation or an assumption? Be sure to identify your assumptions explicitly. What models or concepts are most useful to understand the problem? The basic facts and assumptions presented in the case are correct. This is because the health care industry inside the New England region is incredibly competitive. These facts and figures came from data that was provided in the case study. TheyShow MoreRelatedAgriculture1619 Words   |  7 Pagesagency that is dedicated to conducting studies on the cost of healthcare to inform lawmakers and citizens alike. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has done extensive studies on particular ways to target the increasing cost of medical care. This is in recognition of the cost as a barrier to the availability of healthcare to the poor.    Ayanian, J.Z. amp; Van der Wees, P.J. (2012). Tackling rising health care costs in Massachusetts.  The New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 790-793Read MoreEconomic Analysis of Outpatient Care Centers vs. Hospitals Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Analysis of Outpatient Care Centers vs. Hospitals A recent phenomenon in the health services is the burgeoning of outpatient healthcare centers. Particularly vigorous growth has been observed in centers that perform diagnostic tests and simple surgeries and procedures like colonoscopies. At the current state, outpatient care centers outnumber hospitals in Pennsylvania. Furthermore, these centers now perform one of every four surgical and diagnostic procedures in the state (Levy 2006)Read MoreTrends Of Medical Care Around The World1269 Words   |  6 PagesTrends in Medical Care Around the World Alex Blissitte As the many cultures and societies across the world change, the spread of healthcare changes, as well. Through research, we are able to compare both the benefits and disadvantages of various types of healthcare across the world. By studying trends and applying current knowledge, we can predict what the future holds for medical care in both our own country and other countries. Two examples of a developed healthcare system can be seen in AustraliaRead More Essay on Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide1175 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide    This paper will address some of the more popular points of interest involved with the euthanasia-assisted suicide discussion. There are less than a dozen questions which would come to mind in the case of the average individual who has a mild interest in this debate, and the following essay presents information which would satisfy that individuals curiosity on these points of common interest.    Euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal inRead More The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesvaccine, uncover secrets of cancer, viruses’, and the effects of the atomic bomb, and help lead to important advancements for vitro fertilization, cloning, and genes mapping, yet, her five children are not even covered by medical insurance. Can’t the family sue for a profit? This question has been asked multiple times and in various forms, but the answer remains controversial. As Skloot addresses in her book, many lawyers point out that the family â€Å"cannot sue over the cells being taken†¦[but] they couldRead MoreMeasles, Rubella, Vaccine, Vaccines, And Vaccines1048 Words   |  5 Pagesinaccurate evidence and disproved by scientific studies, has led to a large public fear that autism can be caused by vaccines. These beliefs stem primarily from a 1998 publication by British doctor Andrew Wakefield; yet even after this paper was deemed inaccurate, these fears did not recede, and have only seemed to become more prevalent in society. Wakefield’s paper was based on falsified medical records and fabricated histories of the patients in his study to coincide with his hypothesis. Even withoutRead MoreRadiation and Tyroid Cancer Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctors around the world. X-rays are used in the medical and dental field to take radiographs of certain parts of a persons body. Some have become concerned of the long term and short term effects of having x-rays taken because of the radiation that is exposed. Since the rise of concern, studies have been done to find any type of link between cancer and radiation from x-rays. Specifically, in dental x-rays, researchers have been performing studies trying to prove that radiation from x-rays in theRead MoreFact Sheet on Effects of Marijuana on the Body1325 Words   |  6 Pagesreduced learning of word lists. These differences remained after controlling for potential confounding variables, such as estimated levels of premorbid cognitive functioning, and for use of alcohol and other substances in the two groups. However, the question remains open as to whether this impairment is due to a residue of drug in the brain, a withdrawal effect from the drug, or a frank neurotoxic effect of the drug. (The Residual Cognitive Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use in College Students, Pope,Read MoreShould Animals Deserve Rights?1254 Words   |  6 Pagesanimal rights such as those that humans retain, is a greatly disputed issue. Philosophers, clergyman, and politicians have argued the point of animal rights for years, but without success. Animal right is an extremely intricate issue that involves the question of animal intelligence, animal activist groups, and the pros and cons of granting animals their rights. Animals deserves rights just as humans because they have the same abilities that we have. In order for humans to function in daily life with confidenceRead MoreA Discussion on Animal Rights Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesrights such as those tha t humans retain, is a greatly disputed issue. Philosophers, clergyman, and politicians have argued the point of animal rights for years, but without success. Animal right is an extremely intricate issue that involves the question of animal intelligence, animal activist groups, and the pros and cons of granting animals their rights. Psychologists around the world, who have studied nonhuman primates, argue that these animals possess the capacity to communicate. They go on

Truancy Free Essays

Topic 3 Truancy  is any intentional unauthorized or illegal absence from  compulsory schooling. In Malaysia truancy problem is a phenomenon among primary and secondary school students. According to Datuk Dr Wee Ka Siong, reported in The News Strait Times article entitled â€Å"Study on truancy – Education Ministry† dated January, 17 2012, â€Å"A total of 110,218 students were involved in disciplinary problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Truancy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of that figure, 72,873 were from secondary level and 37,345 from primary schools,† students were involved in disciplinary problems are rising. Reported in The News Strait Times a survey conducted by the ministry, 58. 85 per cent of truancy cases last year involved students in rural areas, as compared with 41. 15 per cent in cities. In my opinion, actions that should be imposed by the Ministry of Education to solve the problem of truancy among Malaysian school students are improve the academic approach, law enforcement authorities and organize talk or campaign. First, Ministry of Education should improve the academic approach. This can be done by increasing compulsory activities such as academic and semi-academic co-curriculum in schools. Ministry of Education can improve by changing the teaching techniques such as gaming and simulation, drama, role playing and use of technology and instructional resources. Teaching with difference technique can attract students and they will not feel bored on their study. Second, authorities should enforce the law among the students who are truancy. For example, areas of existing police powers should be used by school administrators in disciplining students. The administration should take the opportunity to refer problem student to the police. After enforcing this law, students will be alert from work against this thing. Beside, Ministry of Education may organize some talks and campaign about the disadvantage of truancy. There are kind of campaigns such as â€Å"Zero Truancy Campaign†. With this students will know the effect of truancy to their study and also their future. In my conclusion, government and the school administration should co-operate to control the phenomenon. The truancy would affect the future of the youngsters and cause social issues in the society. References: National Center for Mental Health Promotion and Youth Violence Prevention http://www. promoteprevent. org/publications/prevention-briefs/truancy-prevention How to cite Truancy, Papers

The Importance of Mining Industry Essay Example For Students

The Importance of Mining Industry Essay Theimportance of mining is definitely significant toCanada. Mining, is an important industry, andCanadians are very advanced in their miningtechnology, but during the mining process, there iscertain level of pollution produced. The Canadiangovernment and the mining companies have verygood plans and controls toward this problem,while ensuring the smooth running of the industries,and also helping to create strong economy andemployment. The world of today could not existwithout mineral products. Canada produces about60 minerals and ranks first among producingcountries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporterof minerals, with more than 20 per cent ofproduction shipped to world markets2. In atypical year, the mining industry is responsible foralmost 20 per cent of Canadas total exportearnings3 (See Appendix A). As for theemployment rate, over 70 per cent of the minesare owned by Canadians and approximately108,000 Canadians are directly employed in themining industry4. Mining is very impo rtant inCanadian life. Not only do the products power thefamily car and heat the family home, themanufacturing sector, the high tech industries andeven the better known resource industries are alldependent, in some way, on the mining industry. The mining industry will continue to be animportant support to the economy. Mining istaking full advantage of the quick expansion ofcomputers and microelectronics. Thesetechnologies are found in nearly every aspect ofmineral development activity from explorationmethods, through production, mineral processingand even marketing. Computers and relatedequipment now have a lot of different applicationsin geophysical logging, geochemistry, geologicalmapping and surface contouring5. At the mineplanning stage, the job of designing a mine is nowgreatly simplified by automation. Through the useof advanced software, geological models can beproduced from drill hole data. Computers are alsobeing used to develop plans for mine expansion,develop mining schedules for yearly, quarterly andin some cases, weekly operations. At theoperating stage, this new technology iseverywhere6. Both in research and operationalapplications, automated mine monitoring systemsnow determine immediate information on the statusof equipment in underground or remote locations. Canada produces its 60 mineral products fromroughly 300 mines across the country7. Beforethese products can make the trip from mines to themarketplace, they must be searched for, staked,tested, analyzed, developed. There are manydifference methods to mine for minerals, an openpit mine is one of the method we use today. Theore waste material along with the minerals, isrecovered directly from the surface. Drilling rigsare used to drill holes into the ore areas andblasting charges will be set in them to break loosethe ore. The ore: first stop is at the primarycrushing station, often located underground, wherethe large chunks of ore are crushed to a finer size. Further crushing is required prior to sending theore to the mill where it is ground to a finepowder8. The purpose of crushing and grinding isto free the minerals from the rock. Treatment mayconsist of gravity or chemical concentrationtechniques. The end product of the mill is aconcentrate, whereby the percentage of valuablemineral has been increased by a factor of 10 to asmuch as 50 times contained in the ore9. Theconcentration operation may be complicated orrelatively simple, depending on the mineral contentof the ore. Milling processes are designed toseparate the valuable minerals from the undesiredminerals. Although the milling process separatesvaluable minerals from waste, it does not actuallyrecover the metals in final form. The smeltingoperation treats the metal-bearing concentratefurther, up-grading it to purer form called matte. .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 , .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .postImageUrl , .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 , .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:hover , .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:visited , .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:active { border:0!important; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:active , .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27 .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa33d1ad3f935bd00caca871ec2a1a27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Awakening Concepts of Morality EssayBasically: The ore concentrates are mixed withother materials and treated at high temperatures tochange the material to other chemical forms. Themetal in the matte can be separated further. Further treatment is applied to the final purificationof the metal and finishing to the standards requiredin the metal-using industries. Mining, as weunderstanding, is a very important industry. Butthere are underlying dangers to our environment. Mining companies and the government haverealized this problem, and regulations and controlshave been applied to it. The major environmentalproblem usually results from the processing andtransportation of mineral products rather than fromthe actual mining process. Example: when an oilspill has occurred in the ocean, the problemcaused to the environment is very big, becausegallons of oil is spilling over the oceans surface,resulting in the death of many ocean organisms,and in the pollution of the ocean. (See AppendixB) In this article, it shows how much an oil spillcan endanger the environment. To prevent thisproblem, special attention is given by the captainto watch out

Prescriptive Approach To Decision Making Essay Example

Prescriptive Approach To Decision Making Essay Moral Philosophy: the principles and rules that are used to decide what is right or wrong; a moral philosophy States an ideal respective that most people accept Prescriptive approach to decision making: Consequential/Teleological: (consequences) the morality of behavior is evaluated on the basis of its consequences; behavior or conduct is morally right if it produces some desired result pleasure, promotion, profit; as such, the ends justify the means Utilitarianism: concerned for the greatest good for the greatest number; decisions are usually made on the basis of a cost benefit analysis. Efforts are made to look at the consequences for all possible alternatives before a decision is made Construction of a new road through your community: utilitarian rationale argues whether the benefits to the community increased development and employment, reduced traffic, fewer accidents) outweigh the harm to a few property holders noise pollution Challenge: can all the facts be obtained to make proper evaluation, projection and risk? Rights of the minority can be sacrificed for the benefit of the majority Deontological: (duties, obligations, principles) bases action/behavior on the Renville of equal rights, and respect for all persons; the focus is on the rights of individuals and the intentions that are associated with behavior Rights of individuals: (integrity) freedom of conscience, consent, privacy, speech and due process But what rule, principle or right to follow, when for example the right of the investor to profit conflict with the environmental rights of a community to clean air and water? We will write a custom essay sample on Prescriptive Approach To Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prescriptive Approach To Decision Making specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prescriptive Approach To Decision Making specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Emmanuel Cants categorical imperative: act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of tauter, that is, whether the rationale for your action is suitable to become a universal law or principle for everyone to follow Golden Rule: do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Challenge: which duty, right, principle takes precedence?

Talking about Vacations In English Activity

Talking about Vacations In English Activity Talking about vacations in English is of the most common topics in a classroom, and why not? Who doesnt like to take vacations? Discussing vacations provides students with the opportunity to use travel-related vocabulary, as well as a theme that all students enjoy. This conversation lesson provides a survey that students use to choose a dream vacation for their fellow students and is  sure to encourage lots of conversation. Aim Encouraging conversation about vacations to practice travel-related vocabulary. Activity Student survey followed by a choice of dream vacation based on student input. Level Intermediate to advanced Outline Introduce the topic of vacations by telling about one of your favorite vacations.Ask students to come up with different types of vacation activities and write these on the board.If necessary or helpful, review vocabulary about travel.Give each student a vacation survey and have them pair up to interview each other.Once theyve interviewed each other, have students choose a dream vacation for their partner. This exercise can be repeated numerous times with different partners.As a class, ask each student which vacation they chose for their partner and why.  As a follow-up exercise, students can write a short essay by choosing a dream vacation and explaining the choice. Vacation Survey Which sentence best describes your feelings towards vacations? Why? My idea of a good vacation is staying at home.My idea of a good vacation is to visit a number of important cities and explore the culture.My idea of a good vacation is to travel to an exotic beach in a foreign country and then relax for two weeks.My idea of a good vacation is to put on my backpack and disappear into the hills for a few weeks. Which type of travel do you think you would like the best? Why? A long road trip in the car.A twelve-hour flight to a foreign country.A train ride across the country.A luxury cruise through the Mediterranean.   How often do you take short trips (two or three days)? I take a short trip at least once a month.I take short trips a few times a year.I take a short trip once a year.I never take short trips. If you had the chance, would you ... ... take a week trip to an exciting city.... spend a week at a meditation retreat.... visit family that you havent seen for a long time.... go white water rafting for a week. Who do you prefer to take vacations with? Why?   I prefer taking vacations with my close family.I prefer taking vacations with my extended family.I prefer taking vacations by myself.I prefer taking vacations with a good friend. What type of vacation activity sounds like the most fun? Why? Lying on the beachHanging out at a nightclubVisiting a museumSkiing down a mountain   How important is eating well to you when you are on vacation? Its the most important thing!Its important, but not for every meal.A good meal is nice, but not that important.Just give me food, so I can keep going! What type of accommodations do you prefer on vacation?   Id like a luxury suite, please.  Id prefer something close to the beach.I need a clean room, but it should be economical.Id prefer a tent and my sleeping bag.   Dream Vacations Dream Vacation I: Touring the Capitals of Europe: On this two-week vacation, youll visit the capitals of Europe including Vienna, Paris, Milan, Berlin, and London. This inclusive vacation includes tickets to a concert, play or opera in each capital, as well as tours of  castles, national monuments  as well as the most important museums such as The Louvre.​Dream Vacation II: Hanging on the Beach in Hawaii: Two weeks of sun and fun on the beach on Hawaiis dream island of Maui. Youll have a deluxe room at one of Mauis finest hotels directly on the beach. This vacation includes fine dining at some of Mauis best restaurants. During your stay, you can take scuba diving lessons, go snorkeling with thousands of tropical fish, or go whale watching in the bay. Its a dream come true!Dream Vacation III: Hiking the Peruvian Andes: Do you need to get away from it all? If so, this is the vacation for you. Youll be flown into Lima, Peru and taken into the Andes for a two-week backpacking adventure of a lifetime. Weve arranged experienced local guides to accompany you on your journey into the magnificent and mystical landscape.   Dream Vacation IV: New York Party Time!: The Big Apple! Need I say more?! Youll enjoy two weeks stay in a luxury suite in Central Park. Youll need to relax because youll be out enjoying the New York nightlife until early in the morning. This all expenses paid vacation includes dinner at some of the most exclusive restaurants in New York, and on-call car service at any time. Experience New York at its finest and most exciting.

Problems faced by Grandiose Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Problems faced by Grandiose Motors - Essay Example Being proactive in his approach, the CEO wants to make sure that the planning for inventory management is done in advance so that the company can remain efficient. A major factor, which Felix Fabulous has extracted out, which could cause problems to the company is the inventory management system of the spare parts which are used in after sales service, one of the most important reasons why customers prefer Grandiose Motors over its competitors. In order to maintain the reputation of the company as an excellent provider of after sales service, the CEO wants to make sure that the purchasing and inventory management of the service parts should remain as efficient as possible and the company must be able to provide all the necessary spare parts without delaying customer wait time and at the same time reduce the cost of inventory holding and other operations in order to provide customers with low priced after sales service car repairs.. That is why he wants the purchasing department to de vise strategies for improved purchasing and warehousing of spare parts and other materials. A car dealership is a business in which profitability depends on per square foot of floor space and as vehicles occupy a lot of space, it is important that any car dealership must allocate maximum space to accommodate the placement of vehicles. In order to do so, it must utilize a much lesser space for other operations such as keeping and warehousing inventory. In light of this, Grandiose Motors faces the following problems related to space availability and inventory management: All the parts had different levels of demand and different suppliers; hence the company had to deal with many suppliers at the same time. This prohibited the company to achieve cost cutting as they could not purchase bulk quantity from a single supplier at a discount.

Professional paper (cloud computing for E-learning) Assignment

Professional paper (cloud computing for E-learning) - Assignment Example Cloud computing through its inherent property of being independent of resident platform or technology allows for the integration of multiple application and services under one single umbrella. It allows for sever virtualisation, thereby reducing the processing load on the end terminals with low configuration. As a result cost is drastically reduced The most important aspect of Cloud Computing Technology is the services that can be provided to end customers looking for an e learning solution or any other web based solution. Platform, Infrastructure and Software are provided by the services provider with the necessary customisation according to client requirements. Thus infrastructure, platform and software costs are drastically cut down allowing the client to only focus the core development of components that will run on the platform and use the infrastructure. Cloud computing vendors lease 4 services namely: Software as a service, Infrastructure as a Service and Platform as a Service . Cloud computing vend

Gone With The Wind paper 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gone With The Wind paper 5 - Essay Example Thus, copyright law though protects originality and creativity of the authors, gives room for rewrites by providing exemptions under which they are not entitled to infringement.However, this has also created a room for copyright conflicts and other related issues. Numerous copyright issues have dominated the debate scene prompting the question as to what should be considered fair use and what should not. One notable copyright battle was between Gone With The Wind (GWTW) and The Wind DoneGone (TWDG). In this case, the author, Randall rewrote the GWTW by retelling the story through a slave’s perspective. This encompasses writing back to society and power, which has a rich contribution to the society. Nevertheless, the conflict here was whether TWDG violated copyright laws by copying GWTW. Through evaluation of free speech, fair use, parody and satire, it is clear that TWDG did not cause infringement of copyright laws. The infringement law allows rewrites based satire and parody. As a result, there was no infringement in the case of GWTW and TWDG since the rewrite was based on satire. Nevertheless, when solving the conflict, other concepts such as free speech and its application also came up. Thus, it is essential to understand how fair use, parody and satire, and free speech apply in rewrite cases. ... This marked the beginning of a long-term battle on TWDG’s infringement of copyright laws with regard to the rewrite of GWTW. Nevertheless, what arose from this case is that fair use sets the legal framework that accommodates both commercial and creative decisions. In analyzing a literary work or any other thing for fair use, there are four factors that play a key role in the determination of fair use. According to Netanel in Making Sense of Fair Use, these are provisions of Section 107 of the United States Copyright Act (Making Sense of fair Use 715). The first factor deals with character and purpose of the uses, for example, it considers whether the use is for nonprofit educational or for commercial nature purposes. The second factor provides for the nature of the work copyrighted. The third factor looks at the work copyrighted as a whole and determines the substantiality and amount of the portion used with respect to the entire work. Finally, the fourth factor provided for b y the US Copyright Act under Section 107 looks at the impact of the rewrite on the potential market, and how the copyrighted work is valued. Beebe notes that the four factors are a test that must be applied in every case to determine fair use, and there is no bright line rule that can determine the issue of fair use (558). The major goal of fair use is to provide a flexible approach of determining and making a decision as to whether fair use applies in a particular case. The major concern is whether the use of the original work that is copyright protected is fair or not. In addition, the fair use doctrine does not base its arguments on equity, but is rather a creature of the common law courts. Furthermore, in the application of fair use, the secondary user’s motives are generally

Examining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques

Examining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a generic term for techniques used for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil well. Using EOR, 30-60 % of the reservoir original oil can be extracted compared with 20-40% using primary and secondary recovery techniques. Enhanced oil recovery is also called improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery. This improved extraction is achieved by gas injection, chemical injection and thermal recovery (which includes cyclic stream, stream flooding, and fire flooding). Gas injection is the most commonly used EOR technique; here gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2), natural gas, or nitrogen is injected into the reservoir whereupon it expands and thereby pushes additional oil to a production wellbore, and moreover dissolves in the oil to lower its viscosity and improve the flow rate of the oil. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide injection relies on the phase behaviour of carbon dioxide and crude oil mixture that are strongly dependent on reservoir temperature, pressure and crude oil composition. These mechanisms range from oil swelling and viscosity reduction for injection of immiscible fluids (at low pressure) to completely miscible displacement in high pressure applications. In these applications, more than half and up to two-third of the injected carbon dioxide returns with the produced oil and is usually re-injected into the reservoir to minimize operating cost. The remainder is trapped in the oil reservoir by various means. Other techniques include thermal recovery (which uses heat to improve flow rate) and, more rarely, chemical injection, where polymers are injected to increase the effectiveness of water floods or the use of detergent-like surfactants such as to help lower the capillary pressure that often prevents oil droplets from moving through a reservoir. Surfactant enhanced water floods are used for oil recovery where surfactants are injected with polymer. Microbial Enhanced oil Recovery (MEOR) is particularly suited for application in carbonate reservoir, after secondary oil recovery, there are still large amount of oil left in the reservoir. Some bacteria are able to increase the oil production when injected into the oil reservoir. To stimulate such anaerobic microbial increased oil recovery, nutrients is injected together with the injection water. Oil recovery requires two to three stages which are briefly described below Stage 1: Primary Recovery 12 15 % of the oil in the well is recovered without the need to introduce other substances into the well. Stage 2: Secondary Recovery The oil well is flooded with water or other substances to obtain an additional 15-20% more oil from the well. Stage 3: Tertiary Recovery This stage may be accomplished through several methods which includes MEOR to additionally recover up to 11% more oil from the well. Layout for different recovery techniques are shown in figure 1. Primary and secondary recovery techniques are usually called conventional recovery. Primary recovery is done by natural flow which is usually enhanced by reservoir natural pressure, and artificial lift such as pumps and gas lift, etc. Secondary recovery is done by water folding and pressure maintenance by gas reinjection. Tertiary recovery techniques cover broad area which includes thermal recovery such as in-situ combustion and steam flooding, solvent recovery is done by methods such as polymer flooding and surfactant enhanced water flood. Chemical enhanced recovery methods include gas injection or hydrocarbon miscible injection and nitrogen and flue gas flooding. Microbial enhanced oil recovery which is the main focus of this project will be explained better in the next chapter, but it is basically injection of microbes such as bacteria into oil reservoir to help recover oil. All these methods of oil recovery will be e xplained briefly. PRIMARY RECOVERY If the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient, then this pressure will force the oil out to the surface of the earth. Gaseous fuel, natural gas or water is usually present, which also supply needed underground pressure. In this situation, it is sufficient to place a complex arrangement of valves (Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage and processing. Normally oil is recovered by natural means and artificial lift like pumps and gas lift. SECONDARY RECOVERY Over a lifetime of an oil well, the pressure will fall and at some point there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface of the earth. If economical, as often is, more oil in the well is extracted using secondary recovery methods. Secondary oil recovery uses various techniques to aid in recovering oil from depleted or low pressure reservoir. Sometimes, pumps such as beam pumps and electric submersible pumps (ESPs) are used to pump the oil to the surface of the earth. Other secondary recovery techniques increases the reservoirs pressure by water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which inject air, carbon dioxide or some other gases into the reservoir. Together, primary and secondary recovery generally allows 25-35 % of the reservoir oil to be recovered. Water injection The productivity of existing oil wells can be significantly increased by the use of water injection. Statistics has shown that a reservoir produces just 37% oil in the first recovery. By using water injection, a reservoir can produce more than 50% of its oil. One of the most important issues during oil production is to keep the matrix/formation as clean as possible to maintain maximum oil production. Water is injected for two reasons: first is for pressure support of the reservoir. Second is to sweep or displace the oil from the reservoir, and push it outward. Gas lift Gas lift is one of a number of processes used to artificially lift oil from a well, where there is insufficient reservoir pressure. The process involves injecting gas through the tube-casing annulus. Injected gases aerate the fluid and reduce its density so the formation pressure is then able to lift the oil column and forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the arrangement of the gas-lift equipment. Although the gas is recovered from the oil at a latter separation stage, the process requires energy to drive a compressor in order to raise the pressure of the gas to a level where it can be reinjected. TERTIARY RECOVERY Tertiary recovery reduces the oil viscosity to increase oil production. Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil and make it easier to flow or extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and is often done with a cogeneration plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a gas turbine is used to generate electricity and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. In-situ burning is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burnt to heat the surrounding oil. Occasionally, detergents are also used to decrease oil viscosity as a tertiary oil recovery method, another method to reduce viscosity is carbon dioxide flooding. Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery isnt enough to continue adequate production, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably. (Hitzman 1983) Gas injection or Hydrocarbon Miscible injection Gas injection is the most commonly used EOR technique, here, gas such as carbon dioxide is injected into the reservoir whereupon it expands and thereby pushes additional oil to a production wellbore, and moreover dissolves in the oil to lower its viscosity and improves the flow rate of the oil. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide injection relies on the phase behaviour of carbon dioxide and crude oil mixture that are strongly dependent on reservoir temperature, pressure and crude oil composition. These mechanisms range from oil swelling and viscosity reduction for injection of immiscible fluid (at low pressure) to completely miscible displacement in high pressure applications. In these applications, more than half and up to two-third of the injected carbon dioxide returns with the produced oil and is usually reinjected into the reservoir by various means. Nitrogen and gas flooding Nitrogen and flue gas about 87 % nitrogen and 12 % carbon dioxide is used in place of hydrocarbon gases because of economical reasons. Nitrogen competes with carbon dioxide because it is economical and its compressibility is much lower. For a given quantity at standard condition nitrogen will occupy much more space at reservoir pressure than carbon dioxide and methane at the same condition. Nitrogen has a poor solubility and lower viscosity in oil and requires much higher pressure to create miscibility. THERMAL RECOVERY In-situ combustion Fire flooding is world cheapest means of thermal recovery, however, significant amount of amount of fuel must be burned, both above the ground to compress the air, and below ground in the combustion process. Actually the worst part of the crude oil is burnt, the lighter end are carried forward in advance of the burning zone to upgrade the crude oil. Stream flooding In the steam drive, steam Is continually introduced in the injection well to reduce the viscosity of the oil and provide a driving force to move oil towards the production well. Steam driving may work by driving water and oil to form an oil bank in front of steamed zone. Ideally this steam bank remains n front, increasing in size until it is produced by the well offsetting the injector. However, in many cases the steam flows over the oil and transfer heat by conduction. Oil at the interface will then be less viscous and dragged along with the steam to the producing well. Recoverability is increased because the steam lowers the oil viscosity and improves the oil mobility. The more mobile oil displace the steam zone expands vertically, and the steam oil interface is maintained. Chemical injection Other techniques which uses heat to improve flow rates (and more rarely) is chemical injection, where polymers are injected to increase the effectiveness of water floods, or the use of detergent like surfactants to help lower the capillary pressure that often prevents oil droplets from moving through a reservoir. Alkaline flooding is an effective chemical EOR method. SOLVENT RECOVERY Polymer flooding Both synthetic polymer such as polyacrylamides and natural polymers are used for improvement of sweep efficiency. Additional polymer makes the water more viscous so that oil is produced faster. Obviously, this is not a good idea n a low permeability reservoir or one with high clay content that absorb the polymer. However, polymer-augmented water floods can be profitable Surfactant-Enhanced Water flood Three types of chemical floods exist. The first is an alkaline-augmented polymer flood. Another is an alkaline-surfactant polymer flood. The third is a micellar or low interface tension flood (Donaldson, 1989). AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this project is to study the adaptability of anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium Thyrobutyricum 633) to different salinities and check the effect of the microbial strain on permeability of the Danish Nord Sea Chalk. To achieve this aim, the following objectives have been set: Check adaptability of microbial strain to high salinities Microbial gas production and dynamics of metabolism Carry out plate count experiment Observation of fermentation process and microbial analysis To determine and measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced by these microbes when exposed to different salinities To determine the amount of acid produced during fermentation process Statistical analysis of results to derive model Improvement of experimental procedure The project work is based on studying of the microbial enhanced oil recovery method and the possibilities of using this in the Danish sector of the Nord Sea. The project task applies experimental procedure and the specific to investigate if these microbes can survive under reservoir conditions and produce products important in oil recovery. CHAPTER TWO:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR) MEOR is used in the third phase of oil recovery from a well, it is a tertiary oil recovery technique. MEOR is the use of micro-organisms to retrieve additional oil from an existing well, thereby enhancing the petroleum production of an oil reservoir. In this technique, selected natural micro-organisms are introduced into oil well to produce harmless by-products like carbon dioxide. These process help to mobilize the oil and facilitate oil flow by reducing the viscosity of the oil and making the rock permeable, thereby allowing more amount of oil to be recovered from a well. Amongst the available tertiary oil recovery techniques, MEOR is arguably the best for many reasons. One key factor in the selection of microbial enhanced oil recovery is the economical potential, by which desirable chemicals and gases are produced to enhance oil recovery. MEOR processes are also energy efficient and environmental friendly as compared to other recovery techniques. History of microbes used MEOR is a technology that has a history based on over 60 years of research and field studies. The earlier works by ZoBell CE and Updegraff D (USA), Kuznetsov SI and Shturn DL (USSR), shows the international scope of the work. This work was expanded in the 1950s mainly by investigators Coty VF, Yarborough H and Hitzman DO in the major oil companies in the United States. In MEOR, the process that facilitates oil production is complex and may involve multiple biochemical processes. Microbial biomass or biopolymers may plug high permeability zones and lead to a redirection of water flood, produce surfactants which lead to increased mobilization of residual oil, increase gas pressure by the production of carbon dioxide or reduce the oil viscosity due to digestion of large molecules. Application of MEOR technologies MEOR technologies have the common basis of introducing or stimulating viable micro organisms in an oil well reservoir for the purpose of enhancing oil recovery. However, this broad generic definition of MEOR is not a single methodology but is a broader technology which can be designed for different and selective applications. It is convenient to divide the MEOR technology into the following application groups: Single well stimulation MEOR water floods Paraffins removal Viscosity modification Water diversion Heavy oil modification The classification of MEOR technology by the proposed oil releasing mechanism shows the range of microbial effects which can be identified or expected to occur to which the MEOR system can be directed. MEOR Oil Releasing Mechanism Gas generation: The production of gases will aid the displacement of oil in the pore spaces. Acid production: Organic and inorganic acid production by microbes will dissolve carbonate deposits, iron sulphide and dissolution and sulphate materials. Surfactant production: Biosurfactants produced by the organisms result in the reduction of interfacial surface tension of the oil/water bond. Other MEOR oil releasing mechanisms includes: Physical oil displacement Biopolymer production Hydrocarbon modification Viscosity modification Selective plugging of high permeability zones within a reservoir is necessary to achieve oil recovery. This is best achieved in MEOR process where cells stimulated to grow deeply in a formation where production of biomass and products will have the greatest impact. If growth occurs primarily at the well bore, then face plugging will result, and no additional oil will be recovered, leaving the reservoir unproductive. The Science of MEOR The micro organisms used in MEOR can be applied to a single oil well or to an entire oil reservoir. They need certain conditions to survive, so nutrients are often introduced into the well certain intervals. MEOR also requires that water be present. Micro organisms grow between the oil and the wells rock surface to enhance oil recovery by the following methods: Reduction of oil viscosity: Oil is a thick fluid that is quite viscous, meaning that it does not flow easily. Micro organisms help break down the molecular structure of crude oil, making it less viscous and easier to recover from the well. Production of carbon dioxide gas: As a by-product of metabolism, micro organisms produce carbon dioxide gas. Over time, these gases accumulate and displace the oil in the well, driving it up and out of the ground. Production of biomass: When micro organisms metabolize the nutrient they need for survival, they produce organic biomass as a by-product. This biomass accumulates between the oil and the rock surface, physically displacing the oil and making it easier to recover from the well. Selective plugging: Some micro organisms secrete slimy substances called exopolysaccharides to protect themselves from drying out or falling prey to other organisms. The substance helps bacteria plug the pores found in the rocks within the well so that oil may move past rock surfaces more easily. Blocking rock pores to facilitate the movement of oil is known as selective plugging. Production of bio surfactants: Micro organisms produce slippery substances called surfactants as they breakdown il. Because they are naturally produced by biological micro organisms, they are referred to as bio surfactants. Bio surfactants act like slippery detergents, helping the oil move more freely away from rock and crevices so that it may travel more easily out of the well. If we make a comparison between MEOR and other enhanced oil recovery, then we can see that MEOR is much adoptable, it offers multiple recovery mechanisms, low capital and operating cost, while in other enhanced oil recovery techniques, only a specified technology is applicable also has a high capital and operating cost. TYPES OF MICROBES AND THEIR SELECTION MEOR has gained much attention in recent times, but it is worth noting that not all microbes can survive in such conditions as found in an oil well, therefore the microbes which are able to withstand these conditions are discussed below: Microbes used in MEOR There are many types of bacteria used in MEOR, they include aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and are divided on the basis of their need for oxygen. In this project work, the bacteria used were anaerobic from CHP-biogas plant at Ribe in Denmark. Selection of Bacteria The selection of specific bacteria is considered in this method. There are a lot of bacteria available, but the normal conditions for majority of bacteria is 5 % Sodium chloride, optimum temperature of 37 degree Celsius, pH less than seven. Factors affecting growth of bacteria There are many factors which affects the growth of bacteria. Some of which are explained in the below: Salinity: The term salinity refers to the amount of dissolved salt that are present in water. Sodium chloride is the predominant ions in sea water, the concentration of magnesium, calcium and sulphate ions are also substantial. High salinity and toxic substances are responsible for limiting the growth of microbes. Halophiles are salt loving microbes which use sodium chloride and also have complex nutrient requirements. Moderate halophiles can grow anaerobically at temperature greater than 50o C. The salinity in the northern part of Danish oil field is about 40g/l or more. Since salinity too high, formation water is diluted with sea water during injection in the well. In order to perform experimental and laboratory analysis, a sample of produce water is taken so as to know how much salinity can be controlled; therefore microbial gas production has been tested up to 140g/l. Temperature: Extreme high temperature affects the growth of bacteria, although they need average temperature for growth. Thermopiles are bacteria which are heat loving; these bacteria have an optimum growth temperature of 45 o C 80 o C. Their membranes are unusually stable at this extremely high temperature. Thus many important biotechnological processes utilise thermophilic enzymes because of their ability to withstand intense heat. So before injecting these bacteria into the reservoir, the temperature of the reservoir should be considered, therefore, selection of the right thermophilic bacteria for high temperature is very important. Effect of pH: pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Simply pH is the measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. It is a measure of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ion. In pure water at 25 o C, the concentration of hydrogen ion equals the concentration of hydroxide ions; this is known as neutral and corresponds to a pH level of 7.0. Solutions in which the concentration of hydrogen ions exceeds that of hydroxyl ion has a pH level lower than 7.0 and are known ad bases. The pH reading of a solution is usually obtained by comparing unknown solution to those of known pH, and there are several ways to do so. More favourable pH condition for micro organisms is about 7 and very few of them can grow below2 and above 10. Micro organisms capable of living at very low pH are called acidphilies and those which live at high pH are called alkaliphiles. Pressure: Extreme pressure affects the growth and metabolism of micro organisms. A pressure lower than 100-200 atm has no effect on microbial metabolism, however, pressure of the range of 500-600 atm have limiting effect on growth of bacteria. The ocean floor possesses high pressure. For most MEOR processes barophilic organisms will not be necessary, instead, barotolerant microbes can grow at high pressures, but do not require these high pressures for optimal growth. The ability to grow pressure depends on the energy sources available, inorganic salts present, pH and temperature. Adaptation of microbial cultures to higher pressure therefore is possible. Toxic elements: Chemicals which have toxic effects on micro organisms are found in some reservoirs. These chemicals include co-surfactant, surfactant, biocides, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and toluene, many of which are used in various chemical EOR operations. Sodium and Potassium may be exchanged without impairing the growth of micro organisms. Magnesium has higher toxicity than sodium and potassium, but the most toxic formation water are those with high Calcium Chloride (CaCl2), so adaptability should be considered before injecting micro organisms in such toxic environment. The choice of Clostridium Tyrobutiricum Thousands of bacteria have been investigated for MEOR purpose, but the fermentation bacteria remain the most popular especially Clostridia specie because they produce large volume of gas which include CO2, H2 and CH4. These gases produced, decrease the oil viscosity and increase the pressure in the oil reservoir. Fermentation Fermentation is the process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products. In general, fermentation involves the breaking down of complex organic substances into simpler ones. Waste products formed in this way include gases, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, organic acids, acetone and others. Molasses fermentation generates energy rich metabolic product, which may react in the final decomposition line of sulphate reduction under anaerobic formation condition. With sulphate ion in the formation water, sulphur reduction predominates. Hydrogen sulphide produced is actually not desirable. The organic acids are formed through fermentation of the molasses by the bacteria in the reservoir do cause a rock dissolving process. Dorben field (Germany), 1982, Dr. Wagner Another reason for using fermentation bacteria is Dr. Wagner field trail. If we make comparison between Danish north oil field formation and Zechstein evaporates rocks which are similar to the Danish North Sea formation. Dolomite is also similar to Danish north field chalk. Formation temperature is quite similar and of course has a high salinity. Clostridia tyrobutiricum was selected for Dr. Wagners experiment. The characteristics of Dr. Wagners experiment field are as follows: Dolomite of Zechstein formations Depth of 1240m Formation temperature 53 oC High salinity formation water, even the fissures and fractures are partially filled with salt. The result of Dr. Wagners MEOR well experiments: Water cut decreased from 80 to 60 % Average annual oil production: Before microbial treatment 50 tons per month 3 months after injection 150 tons per month 1 year after injection 300 tons per month Since all these conditions are similar to Danish North Sea formation and other factors are also same, so we can use fermentation bacteria for MEOR experiment. Adaptation of bacteria to high salinities Majority of the bacteria cannot withstand high salinity, from the time of ancient civilization; it is known that adding 50 g/l of salt in food preserves it from spoiling. This means that fermentation bacteria which normally populate organic substances has a challenge of adaptation in high salinity. The spore forming bacteria like clostridium form spores in extreme conditions. These conditions allow bacteria to survive but they will not be active and would not be productive. Under extremely high salinities, bacteria undergo osmotic stress which is expressed in osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure affects the water activity and production of CO2 gas during the fermentation process. Osmosis Osmosis is the passage of water from region of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of lower water concentration. Semi permeable membrane are very thin layers of material (cell membrane are semi-permeable) which allow some substances to pass through them and prevent other substances from passing through. Cell membranes will allow small molecules like oxygen, water, CO2, ammonia, glucose, amino acid, etc. to pass through; meanwhile, cell membranes do not allow passage of larger molecules like sucrose, starch, protein, etc. Osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure is hydrostatic pressure produced by a difference in concentration between solutions on the two sides of a surface such as a semi permeable membrane. It was also observed that the bacteria change its morphology. For the case of clostridia it will mean that from rod-shape it turns to cocci-form which is simply the reflection of shrinkage. Potential osmotic pressure Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from distilled water by a selectively permeable membrane. It is the number of solute particle in a unit volume of the solution that directly determines its potential osmotic pressure. Osmotic properties of cells The wall of bacteria and growing plant cells are not completely rigid, and the turgor pressure has been proposed to provide the mechanical force for the expansion of the cell walls during cell growth. The uptake or biosynthesis of osmotically active solutes causes an increase in the cells, thus providing the necessary tugor pressure for expansion of the cell walls. Although the suggestion that turgor pressure is the driving force for cell wall expansion would imply that the mechanisms that regulate the osmotic balance of organisms are central to the very process of cell growth. Lipid membranes allow rapid diffusion of water molecules into or out of cells while presenting an effective barrier to most other biological molecules. Membranes that exhibit selective permeability for different substances are called semi permeable, and the osmotic properties of cells derive from this property of the membranes. Thermophyllic and Halophyllic bacteria There are bacteria which need high salinities and high temperatures for their growth. In order to investigate and record the conditions of microbes at high salinities and high temperature it is better to know about the bacteria which can withstand on these conditions. Important information has been given about these type of bacteria is discussed below. A thermopile is an extremophile organism which survives at relatively high temperatures. Thermophilic (heat-loving) organisms are organism with an optimum growth temperature of 50o C or more, a maximum of up to 70

Alexander Graham Bell Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander Graham Bell, a man who best known for inventing the telephone. Most people don’t know he spent the majority of his life teaching and helping the deaf. Educating the hearing impaired is what he wished to be remembered for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His mother was a painter of miniature portraits and also loved to play the piano even though she was nearly deaf. Aleck’s mother knew that he had a talent for music and always encouraged him to play (Matthews 12). Alexander Melville Bell, his father, was a â€Å"Professor of Elocution,† Art of public speaking (Bruce 16). Due to the fact that his father was a very knowledgeable man and a professor, Aleck obtained most of his education from his father and soon followed in his footsteps. Aleck had only two siblings, Melville James Bell, â€Å"Melly,† and Edward Charles Bell, â€Å"Ted† (Schuman 127).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aleck’s father took a trip over seas in 1868 to see if Americans would take to his new ideas of speech. Alexander Melville Bell was so impressed that he decided to move the entire family. They did not purchase an estate in the United States. However they did buy an estate in Brantford, Ontario, Canada where there were an abundance of Scottish immigrants. Alexander Melville Bell still continued to make trips to Boston to lecture on â€Å"visible speech† (Schuman 39). Aleck’s father was offered a teaching position at the Boston School for the Deaf. He did not take the job but suggested that Aleck take the position instead. Alexander Graham Bell took the teaching position in April of 1871, and was on his way to the Boston School for the Deaf (Schuman 39).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander Graham Bell’s, number one passion in life was helping the hearing impaired. Children learn to talk by hearing other people talk, and then they learn to speak by unconscious imitation. Deaf children do not have this option; they cannot imitate anything and therefore have to be taught by other means. Aleck thought that to teach a deaf child to speak consisted of having the child know how to make the sound by using different positions of their mouth. Slowly combining the sounds would make words and again would result in speech. Aleck tried a numerous number of methods. The method of Visible Speech was one of the ways that Aleck was able to teach his stude... ...lliant man and has changed the lives of many people around the world with or with out hearing impairment. His method of â€Å"Visual Speech† was great because it got the student to know how to use the organs in their mouths and be able to talk. To think that the telephone was originally going to be used as a device to help the hearing impaired is surprising because it ended up being used as a devise that people around the would use everyday to commutate. Alexander Graham Bell affected the world more directly by the invention of the telephone, but this could not compare to the gift of speech that he was able to offer to his students. Bell, Alexander Graham. The Mechanism of Speech. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1908. Bruce, Robert V. Bell Alexander Graham Bell and the conquest of solitude. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973. Matthews, Tom L. Always Inventing a Photo biography of Alexander Graham Bell. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1999. Mackenzie, Catherine. Alexander Graham Bell The Man Who Contracted Space. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1928. Schuman, Michael A. Alexander Graham Bell Inventor and Teacher. New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, 1999.